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A torque converter in modern usage, is commonly a fluid coupling which is utilized so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, like for instance an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. Same as a basic fluid coupling, the torque converter takes the place of a mechanical clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can offer the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque when there is a considerable difference between output and input rotational speed.
The fluid coupling model is actually the most popular kind of torque converter utilized in automobile transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or otherwise called Constantinesco converter. There are various mechanical designs used for continuously variable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is a kind which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that could not multiply torque. A torque converter has an additional element which is the stator. This alters the drive's characteristics through times of high slippage and generates an increase in torque output.
There are a at least three rotating parts inside a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Traditionally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under whichever situation and this is where the word stator begins from. In truth, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design prevents the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still allowing forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been adjustments which have been integrated periodically. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is needed, alterations to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Most commonly, these modifications have taken the form of many stators and turbines. Each and every set has been designed to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several examples consist of the Dynaflow that uses a five element converter in order to generate the wide range of torque multiplication considered necessary to propel a heavy vehicle.
Different automobile converters consist of a lock-up clutch so as to reduce heat and in order to enhance the cruising power and transmission effectiveness, even if it is not strictly component of the torque converter design. The application of the clutch locks the impeller to the turbine. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical that eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.
